A mutation described as a G-to-A transition has been reported in SDF-1 gene (SDF1-3'A), being prevalent in all ethnic groups, except in Africans. This mutation is associated with the onset of AIDS progression. Our aim was to identify the frequency of this allele in different groups from Brazil: Tiriyó and Waiampi Amerindian tribes (Asian ancestry); selected blood donors from Joinville (German descendents); and from Salvador (predominance of African and Portuguese mixture). SDF1-3'A was screened by PCR/RFLP with MspI enzyme. Our results showed a high allelic frequency in Tiriyó tribe (0.24) and Joinville population (0.21), and a frequency of 0.17 and 0.05 in the Salvador population and in the Waiampi tribe, respectively. There was no statistical difference among the allelic frequencies in the studied ethnic groups, except in the Waiampi. Due to the great genetic diversity among Brazilian population and the lack of studies on SDF1-3'A allele, our study of this allelic frequency in these different Brazilian ethnic groups could be important to identification of biomarker for therapeutic support in progression to AIDS and a molecular marker for analysis of evolutionary relationships among human populations.

The perspective for the development of anti-HIV/AIDS vaccines became a target sought by several research groups and pharmaceutical companies. However, the complex virus biology in addition to a striking genetic variability and the limited understanding of the immunological correlates of protection have made this an enormous scientific challenge not overcome so far. In this review we presented an updating of HIV-1 subtypes and recombinant viruses circulating in South American countries, focusing mainly on Brazil, as one of the challenges for HIV vaccine development. Moreover, we discussed the importance of stimulating developing countries to participate in the process of vaccine evaluation, not only testing vaccines according to already defined protocols, but also working together with them, in order to take into consideration their local information on virus diversity and host genetic background relevant for the vaccine development and testing, as well as including local virus based reagents to evaluate the immunogenicity of the candidate vaccines.

Efforts to characterize HIV-1 polymorphism and anti-HIV immune response are being made in areas where anti-HIV/AIDS vaccines are to be employed. Anti-HIV-1 humoral immune response is being studied in infected individuals resident in Rio de Janeiro, in distinct cohorts involving recent seroconvertors, pregnant women or intravenous drug users (IDU). Comparative analyses of specificity of antibody response towards epitopes important for anti-HIV-1 immune response indicate quantitative differences between cohorts, with an exceptionally strong response in IDUs and weakest response in pregnant women. However, a comparative analysis between pregnant women cohorts from Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul indicated an even lower response (with exception of the anti-V3-C clade peptide recognition) for the southern cohort. Studies analysing the immune function of the humoral response indicate a quite elevated occurrence of antibodies capable of neutralizing heterologous primary HIV-1 isolates from Rio de Janeiro. Attempts to correlate seroreactivity with HIV-1 neutralization with respect to HIV-1 polymorphism were not very successfull: while the Brazilian B clade B" variant could be recognized by binding assays, no significant distinction of HIV-1 clades/variants was observed in viral neutralization assays.

Com o objetivo de verificar se existe mudança na intensidade da resposta inflamatória do líquido cefalorraqueano (LCR) no curso da paraparesia espástica tropical (PET) associada ao HTLV-I foram estudados retrospectivamente os exames de LCR de 128 pacientes com PET. Os resultados indicam que embora as alterações inflamatórias possam persistir por período superior a 10 anos, existe tendência a diminuição de sua intensidade ou mesmo de normalização após o segundo ano de evolução da doença.

In order to evaluate if there is variation on the intensity of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) response during HTLV-I associated tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) evolution we retrospectively reviewed 128 cases.The results indicate that although CSF inflammatory alterations can persist over a 10-year period.they tend to become slight or even absent after the second year of TSP evolution.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a prevalência de infecção pelo HTLV-I e sua associação a paraparesia espática tropical na Bahia, foram estudadas amostras de líquido céfa-lorraqueano (LCR) e/ou soro de pacientes com esta doença e de outros grupos de indivíduos. Os resultados indicam que mulheres são mais afetadas pela doença associada à infecção pelo HTLV-I que os homens. Algumas alterações do exame do LCR podem sugerir infecção pelo HTLV-I em pacientes com paraparesia espática tropical.

In order to evaluate the prevalence of HTLV-I infection and its association with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) in Bahia, a Northeastern State of Brazil, CSF and sera from TSP patients and CSF and/or sera from some selected groups of individuals were studied. The results seem to indicate a higher prevalence of HTLV-I infection in women than men with TSP and among individuals of HIV risk groups. Some alterations of routine analysis of CSF can suggest HTLV-I infection in TSP patients.

Antígenos solúveis de epimastigotas de Trypanosoma cruzi foram analisados por "imunoblot" a fim de verificar sua reatividade com soros de pacientes com doença de Chagas. Além disso, soro de pacientes com leishmaniose visceral (LVA) e tegumentar americana (LTA) foram também analisados com o objetivo de se identificar oa antígenos de reação cruzada com o Trypanosoma cruzi. Pelo menos 28 polipeptídeos, com pesos moleculares variando de 14 a 113 kDa foram identificados com soros de pacientes com doença de Chagas. Uma intensa reatividade cruzada foi observada quando foram utilizados soros de pacientes com leishmaniose visceral, enquanto que uma fraca reação cruzada foi observada com soros de pacientes portadores de leishmaniose tegumentar. Por outro lado, pelo menos 10 polipeptídeos puderam ser identificados apresentando reação específica com soros de pacientes chagásicos. Entre estes, os polipeptídeos de pesos moleculares de 46 kDa e 25 kDa que reagiram com todos esses soros e são potencialmente bons candidatos a antígenos específicos no diagnósticos sorológico da doença de Chagas.

Soluble antigens from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were analyzed by western blot in terms of their reactivity with sera from patients with Chagas' disease. In addition, sera from patients with visceral (AVL) and tegumentar leishmaniasis (ATL) were also tested in order to identify cross-reactivities with Trypanosoma cruzy antigens. Twenty eight polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 14 kDa to 113 kDa were identified with sera from Chagas' disease patients. An extensive cross-reactivity was observed when sera from human visceral leishmaniasis were used, while only a slight cross-reaction was observed with sera from tegumentar leishmaniasis. On the other hand, 10 polypeptidesspecifically reacting with sera from Chagas' disease patients were identified. Among them, the antigens with molecular weights of 46 kDa and 25 kDa reacted with all sera teste and may be good candidates for specific immunodiagnosis of Chagas' disease.

Trezentos e cinquenta pacientes sintomáticos respiratórios admitidos no Hospial Raphael de Paula Souza, sem diagnóstico etiológico definitivo, foram triados pela técnica de imunodifusão dupla (IDD) para aspergilose. Quando a IDD foi positiva, informações adicionais como histórico e exames radiológicos foram requisitados e, quando possível, espécimes clínicos foram processados para exames micológicos e histopatológicos. Linhas de precipitação específicas para o antígeno de A. fumigatus foram encontradas em 29(8,3%) dos 350 soros de pacientes testados. Dezenove (65,5% dos 29 pacientes cm sorologia positiva foram reconhecidos como tendo boa fúngica pelos achados radiológicos em dois ou por ambos em oito pacientes. Este estudo prospectivo de dois anos mostrou que aspergilose pulmonar é um problema considerável entre pacientes admitidos em um hospital para sintomáticos respiratórios, especialmente aqueles com cavidades pulmonares ou bronquiectasias.

Double immunodiffusion (DID) was used as a screening test for the diagnosis of aspergillosis. Three hundred and fifty patients were tested, all of them referred from a specialized chest disease hospital and without a definitive etiological diagnosis. When DID was positive addtional information such as clinical history and radiographic findings were requested and also surgical specimens were obtained whenever possible. Specific precipitin hamds for Aspergillus fumigatus antigen were found in 29 (8.3%) of 350 patients sera. Nineteen (65.5%) of the 29 patients with positive serology were recognized as having a fungus ball by X-rays signs in 17 or by pathological examination in 2 or by both in 8 patients. This two-year prospective study has shown that pulmonary aspergillos is a considerable problem among patiens admitted to a Chest Diseases Hospital, especially in those with pulmonary cavities or bronchiectasis.

Alterações imunológicas na Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida em pacientes do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. O perfil imunológico de 15 pacientes com Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida (AIDS) e 11 com Síndrome de Linfadenipatia Crônica, foram estudados. Os pacientes com AIDS mostraram reduzida percentagem de linfócitos T (CD3) totais e T auxiliares (CD4), aumento relativo no número de linfócito T-supressores (CD8) e uma marcante inversão na relação T-auxiliares/supressores (CD4/CD8). A resposta linfoproliferativa para PHA, ConA, PPD e PWN, estava diminuída. Foi também observado hipergamaglobulinemia e níveis aumentados de complexos imunes circulantes. Os pacientes com Síndrome de Linfadenopatia Crônica também mostraram importantes alterações imunológicas, mas não tão intensas como nos de AIDS. Estes dados são similares aos observados nos Estados Unidos e na Europa.

The immunoloical profile of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and chronic lymphadenopathy syndrome (CLAS) in 15 and 11 Brazilian patients, respectively, was studied. The AIDS patients showed reduced percentage of total T (CD3) and T-helper-inducer (CD4) lymphocytes, relative increase in numbers of T-suppressor-cytotoxic (CD8) cells and a marked inversion of T-helper-inducer/suppressor-cytotoxic (CD4/CD8) ratio. Lymphoproliferative responses to PHA, ConA, PPD and PWM were diminished. Hypergamaglobulinemia and high levels of circulating immune complexes were also found. The CLAS patients also showed important immunological alterations, but not so intense as those with AIDS. These data seems to be similar to those observed in other parts of the world.

Um retrovírus foi isolado de um paciente brasileiro com "Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida" (SIDA/AIDS) e caracterizado em termos de sua reatividade com soros de indivíduos infectados com vírus da imunodeficiência humana dos tipos 1 e 2 (HIV-1 e HIV-2). A análise antigênica por "Western blot" revelou que o isolado brasileiro é bastante similar a uma cepa de HIV-1 bem caracterizada. A identificação do retrovírus como HIV-1 e não HIV-2 é reforçada pelo fato dos anticorpos do paciente do qual foi isolado o vírus não terem reagido com a glicoproteínas de envelope de 140 kDa, específica para HIV-2.

A retrovirus infecting a Brazilian AIDS patient was isolated and characterized in terms of its reactivity with sera from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). The Western blot analysis revealed that the Brazilian isolate is very similar to the well characterized HIV-1 strain. The serum of the patient from whom the virus was isolated did not react with the 140 kDa envelope glycoprotein specific for HIV-2.